Effect of Ocean Conveyor Belt on Global Climate

Effect of Ocean Conveyor Belt on Global Climate Marie Claire Attard Bason Discuss the ocean conveyor belt system and its implications on global climate Without the ocean, life on earth will be impossible. When viewed from outer-space, our planet is covered with water; water which is always in constant motion. The ocean covers 71 % of the earth, where 6% of it is covered by sea ice (Siedler, Church, Gould Griffies, 2001). These mentioned factors make the ocean an important key factor in the transfer of heat energy around the planet. This movement of through ocean currents affect the local weather and temperature to some extremes, which effects also the stabilization of global climatic patterns, the delivery of nutrients and larva to marine ecosystems and many more (Cowan, National Geographic,  http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/media/ocean-currents-and-climate/?ar_a=1, n.d). Moreover, in total, 81 % of the earth’s surface is covered by liquid water including lakes and rivers as well, and covered by solid water which includes snow and land ice (Siedler, Church, Gould Griffies , 2001). One should first understa nd some of the major properties of the oceans and the types of circulations and currents that exist, than understand the effect of heat transfer called the Thermohaline Circulation or known as the Conveyor belt, its implications on the climate and anthropogenic influences. First and foremost, the ocean circulation is generally classified into two parts; a wind-driven circulation that influences the upper part of the ocean system, hundreds of meters up, and the other is a density-driven circulation that influences the bottom part. The major wind currents include the sub-tropical and sub-polar, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and the equatorial currents (Grinsted, 2005). Moreover, this system is called the ‘Thermohaline’ circulation, because of its role in heating, cooling and salinification. These roles effect the production of the regional density within the ocean (Toggweiler Key, 2001). To explain this process in a much better way, the conveyor belt is the ocean circulation system that is driven by changes of heat and freshwater across the sea surface, after the heat and salt are mixed together. This is a driving mechanism (Rahmstrof, 2006). Secondly, the Thermohaline circulation is seen in the sinking phase, and interestingly enough, there is the formation of new deep water in the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean. No one exactly knows the whereabouts of the upwelling zones (Rahmstrof, 2006) as the conveyor system has no end (as seen on Fig. 1), but then, in the polar seas near Greenland, there are cold winds from the northern of Canada that cools the surface waters and thus creates sea ice formation (ELF, www.andrill.org/education//3A/GlobalOceanConveyWCredits.pdf‎, n,d) . Fig. 1 Shows the Conveyor Belt pattern and transfer of currents The process of ice formation is linked to evaporation. With the rising temperature, the sea compresses out the salt from the forming ice. When this process occurs, the surrounding waters become saltier and even more denser. Then, this dense water sinks to the bottom and flows along to the North and South America direction. When this approaches Antarctica, it surrounds the continent and meets with the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). This process continues on when then flow flows towards the north into the ocean basins where gradually it mixes with warmer waters present at that site, therefore it rises to the surface in the Pacific Ocean. From there, it makes its way back to the Atlantic and becomes part of the wind driven surface currents eventually returning to the Greenland seas to begin the process again (ELF, www.andrill.org/education//3A/GlobalOceanConveyWCredits.pdf‎, n,d). In 1751, the first measurement of deep ocean temperatures was recorded by a ship captain of an English trading ship, when he discovered that the water underneath his ship, about a mile below his ship was very cold, despite the location he was at; a sub-tropic location. In 1797, again yet another Englishman named Benjamin Thompson, came up with an accurately explanation on this discovery about cold currents coming from the poles. The difference between Thermohaline and wind driven circulation was distinguished in the 19th-Century, during an argument regarding ocean currents. It was question as well weather or not these two processes happen when the wind pushes along the water or else if they are â€Å"convection currents† due to heating and cooling processes. It is important to note that both processes are combined in non-linear way, meaning that both cannot be separated by oceanographic measurements. That is why there are two obvious mechanisms of force, and neither are unique ly separable circulations. Moreover, if changed, the Thermohaline circulation will also change the wind driven currents (Rahmstrof, 2006). The Atlantic Ocean is the most powerful Thermohaline circulation in the oceans today. The conveyor belt roughly estimates at 15106 m3 of upper ocean water into deep water (Toggweiler Key, 2001) where currents typically extend down up to 1-2km depth, although wind only directly drives between 50m to 200m (Grinsted, 2005). Generally, the flow in the upper part of the conveyor mostly passes through the Florida Straits and up to the east coast of North America, which forms part of the Gulfstream (Toggweiler Key, 2001). However, one disadvantage may include climate change which is likely to weaken the Thermohaline circulation in the future, with some risk of triggering sudden changes, some of which can be unexpected, that may be irreversible (Rahmstrof, 2006). In Recent years, there have been numerous newspaper reports, articles on magazines and television documentaries that covered this topic involving concerning threatening scenarios of the Atlantic Thermohaline circulation being breakdown. If this is the case, than this affects and collapses the northern European agriculture and fisheries, and also glaciers will move very fast on Scandinavia and Scotland waters. Irreversible changes are set to be taken very seriously in the discussion on climate change effected by humans. (Rahmstorf, 2000). The Southern Oscillation is the most prominent year to year climate variability that exists in the world. It is associated with many risks such as; fluctuations on atmospheric pressures at sea level point in the tropic regions, a downpour of rainfall, and cold winter circulation over the North of America and other parts of the extra-tropic regions. When this Southern Oscillation was recognized in the late 1960’s, this was related to the oceani c phenomenon- El Nino (Rasmusson Wallace, 1983). Events concerning El Nino have instances which creates serious consequences for climate and ocean ecosystem. The 1982- 1983 El Nino was perhaps one of the strongest that happened. The El Nino Events, have been documented as far back as 1826 and they are usually followed by professionals that constantly keep and eye on any predictable patter when they occur about once every 4 years (Cane, 1983). The conveyor belt can be affected by global warming in two different ways; either by warming the surface or else by freshening up the surface. This effect will reduce the density of high-latitude water surfaces waters and therefore inhibits a deep formation in water (Rahmstorf, 2006). Our planet cannot lose all of its water from its surface reservoirs due to sub-duction processes. After an approximate of 1Billion years, only between 25- 30% of the newly generated ocean will be subducted into the mantle. It is also said by many scientists and geographers that in the far future, if the external forces are left separately, than the surface reservoirs will be kept in a steady state. Chances for the Earth’s ocean lie in the faith of external forcing. Unfortunately, all water could disappear as a result of increasing levels the temperature, globally, caused by the total of power generated from the Sun to space (Bounama, Franck von Bloh, 2001) How long will it take before the entire Earth dries up from its waters completely? There is still no certain answer to this. Results from studies done by Lovelock Whitfield (1982) show that liquid water will be always available in surface reservoirs as a result of internal processes, however, the extinction of the biosphere will be caused by other limiting factors caused by external forces.).(Bounama, Franck and von Bloh, 2001) References Bounama, C., Franck, S., Bloh, W. v. (1999). The fate of Earth’s ocean.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,5(4), 569-576. Cane, M. A. (1983). Oceanographic events during el nino.Science,222(4629), 1189-1195. Cowan, A. M.  Ocean currents and climate A roller coaster analogy to the ocean conveyor belt Retrieved December, 29th, 2013, fromhttp://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/media/ocean-currents-and-climate/?ar_a=1 Environmental Literacy Framework. (). Global ocean conveyor belt. Message posted towww.andrill.org/education//3A/GlobalOceanConveyWCredits.pdf Grinsted, A. (2005). The thermohaline circulation. Lovelock, J. E., Whitfield, M. (1982). Life span of the biosphere. Rahmstorf, S. (2000). The thermohaline ocean circulation: A system with dangerous thresholds?Climatic Change,46(3), 247-256. Rahmstorf, S. (2000). The thermohaline ocean circulation: A system with dangerous thresholds?Climatic Change,46(3), 247-256. Rasmusson, E. M., Wallace, J. M. (1983). Meteorological aspects of the el Nino/southern oscillation.Science,222(4629), 1195-1202. Siedler, G., Church, J., Gould, J., Griffies, S. (2001).Ocean circulation and climate: Observing and modelling the global oceanAccess Online via Elsevier. Toggweiler, J., Key, R. M. (2001). Ocean circulation: Thermohaline circulation.Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences,4, 1549-1555.

Cell Phone Before and After

Long time ago, a boy who named Irena and his mother lived in a beautiful village. Irena was 17 years old and his appearance was thought as the gift from the God as he had both gold eyes and hairs that shine like the sunlights. He was curious about the nature and has the potential and perservance to . In addition, is mother flawless face is very small and beautiful with delicate features, and it glows with a soft light from within, like moon. They had a happy family. One day, Irena finished his work and came back to home, and then he found nobody (verb) in the village that was fired. He hide behind the tree, he saw a few man that dressed in black clothes. He was wondering what happened to the village and how could this happen. he was breathing like rest. He did not dare to move, he can only silently look at it. Suddenly he was discovered by a black dress person. (what does this mean? The person stands for what? ) Then many black men run to him and they yelled:†Catch him! Catch him! † Irena heared this voice and run away, he has been running forward, suddenly he stepped on slippery, unexpectedly(what) has reached the edge of the cliff. (what kind of situation? How could the situation be dangerous for him? )situation extremely anxious, he wanted to even death cannot fall to the hands of men, after he jumped off the cliff, the back of the black dress person to see him so fierce, incredibly jumped off the cliff, they would not be chasing him, thought he must be dead. he will never see his mother, but he did not think of another branch saved his life is a tree, when he woke up; he found out himself was in a village. Early in the morning, it woke up from sleep, â€Å"I am not dead! Where is this place? † Irena whispered. At this time an old man went into the room, and the old man said,† you wake up, young man. † He promised to said,† Is you saved me? † The old man said,† yes, you are really have high Crawford . from the high cliff fell off and you are not dead. † The old man asked,† where were you live? † Irena replied:† I live in a small village with my mother. However, when I came home yesterday, I found that caught on fire in the village, and people in the village was gone, I only saw many men( what kind of men and why are those men important)in there, I do not know what they plot. † The old man said:† It was a cult of people, they work for the dragon, the dragon eats one hundred people each year, the black dress person is responsible for the tag, and then offering to the dragon. † Irena said:† these people are really sucks, my mother must be caught by them. † The old man asked:† Do you want to save your mother? † Irena said:† Of course, my mother and I live together since I was a child, she is my only living relative. † The old man asked:† If you want to save your mother, you should follow me to practice fight skill, ()Zas long as you learn to fight skill, you can save your mother, the Irena firmly answer well. Days passed, one day, the old man said the child, â€Å"I had taught all skills for you, the rest will be on your own, before you go, I have something to give you, it is great help to you, after a while, they walked into the house, the old man took out a piece of black cloth wrapped together. † Old man said:†this is a hero to stay on a knife, the hero with the knife to kill the dragon; I believe it will bring you help. † Irena tools the knife and saw a golden light point blank the sky. Early the next morning, Irena went on a journey to save his mother, Irena walked for a half month, he arrived the place that is the dragon lived in. The dragon lived in a cave, Irena went into the cave, and he saw dark inside and felt a little bit cold across from ear. He walks for a long time, finally he saw the dragon, and it is sleeping. A large cage near the dragon, many people were in this cage and his mother also on here. He used knife break the lock, and put out the people. When he saw the dragon, he was stunned. Dragon has long body covered by a scaly skin. They also had a pair of bat like wings, wedge shaped head and long powerful necks.

The Undeniable Reality About Response Essay for Alpha Movie 2018 Example Samples That No One Is Telling You

The Undeniable Reality About Response Essay for Alpha Movie 2018 Example Samples That No One Is Telling You The Response Essay for Alpha Movie 2018 Example Samples Chronicles The actions of moviegoers may end up being annoying and irritating, at the exact time causing distraction to people who are attentive and would like to concentrate on the specifics of a movie. Reflect a little on the movie genre, perhaps mentioning a number of classical movies of the very same kind and comparing them to the one which you're analyzing. Keda knows that in regards to wild animals, curiosity often contributes to hunger. For most the movie, he is the sole human on the screen, therefore if the audience doesn't relate to him, the whole exercise is for naught. Having looked at the elements of the movie an individual can choose to take a very good look at the criticism that's been on the increase about the movie. Another kind of moviegoer is a person who acts as though they are at their very own residence. At the present time, Keda looks to be a simple meal for the pack. Its main drawback for children and teens comes from its dialogue. The Key to Successful Response Essay for Alpha Movie 2018 Example Samples At the present time, as you attempt to boost your craft, you should understand that one of the principal determinants of good academic writing is choosing the correct topic. Needless to say, there are occasions as soon as your instructor may offer certain topics to work on or a set of topics from which you may pick. Students who find they lack the skills necessary to research and formulate decent essay topic ideas should think about getting assistance from our experts. Use other storytelling practices. In conclusion, the statement isn't logical since there are a few errors in it. Overall, the proper formatting includes 4 crucial components. This text will act as a national honor society essay example and will demonstrate one of the probable tactics to write it correctly. It can be used as a national junior honor society application essay example as well. Each paragraph is going to have a topic sentence that's among the reasons to believe the thesis. The author utilizes stunning statistics to show her point. Unlike the summary, it's composed of YOUR opinions in connection with the article being summarized. Other times, you are going to be given the freedom to develop informative and creative topics. Though the response may start to deal with the assigned task, it provides no development. Thus, it is adequately developed and satisfactorily organized to show how the argument depends on questionable assumptions. Paragraph 4 considers several explanations for why river clean-up plans might not be successful (the plans could be nothing more than campaign promises or funding might not be adequate). As the US is really the most innovative nation in the world these days, there might be some merit to this argument. You will also receive ideas about how to restrict your choice and ensure it is manageable. Go over these views and offer your opinion. Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Response Essay for Alpha Movie 2018 Example Samples Is Wrong Alpha opens twenty-thousand years back in Europe. As Keda realizes how to utilize Alpha's skills, they start to bond. Hamilton disagreed and believed that humans ought to be eating more of a different type of meat. Things You Should Know About Response Essay for Alpha Movie 2018 Example Samples Keep in mind this is absolute fiction. When you visit a Mark Wahlberg movie, you basically understand what you will get from him. It is possible to also utilize dialogue in lieu of a story. It's the very first boy-and-his-dog story! The Benefits of Response Essay for Alpha Movie 2018 Example Samples Well everyone requires some kind of assistance from time to time. As a consequence, the state expects that water sports increase. Therefore, the proposal to boost funding for riverside recreational facilities might not be justified. A lot of the credit for that should be given to Kodi Smit-McPhee. In order to understand a moviegoer, there's a need to classify the kinds of movies these people are interested in. A small change can begin a substantial chain reaction in the proper direction to solving many issues involving our environment. There are many other facets that might be dangerous under particular conditions, like speaking with passengers, for example. To begin with the Harvard researchers obviously would rather have career-driven alternatives rather than a four-year education for a number of students.

Short Story - 11680 Words

â€Å"At least you won’t have to worry about that this time- he has set you up in a nice home with servants to look after you. Now, please forgive me and let’s have a nice visit- I want to share the latest news of what’s going on in Charleston.† Although Allie tried to pay attention to what Eli was saying, her thoughts were on Thomas, wondering where he was†¦ *** When Thomas returned around eleven a.m., Allie was sitting on the balcony watching the activity in the harbor. She heard footsteps nearing the house and stood to look down. Even from a distance, she could see the worry on his face; her heart softened a little. Before seeing him, she was mad at him for going to Eli before he did her. After several minutes, she heard his footsteps†¦show more content†¦You’re not smuggling weapons or slaves, are you? What exactly are you doing?† â€Å"Opium† Allie had heard about opium- Once, several years earlier, while in Savannah, she and Ada Joy was walking around town looking in shop windows while their mothers were having tea with the Savannah Women’s League. They accidentally wandered into a part of town near the docks that had what she later found out was an opium den; it scared the bejesus out of them. â€Å"About twenty years ago,† said Thomas, â€Å"there was an opium war between the British and China- it is still ongoing. It’s not supposed to be exported out of China, but it is. It costs the British a fortune to get it shipped to them. The East India Trading Company supplies most of the Opium. One ship will bring it from China to India and then it is shipped on to Britain; however, for the past several years, pirates have waged war on East India’s ships. They steal the opium and auction it off to the highest bidder. Since Britain also imports tobacco to mix with the opium to smoke, some independent shippers like the Captain and myself, began intercepting some of the trade and getting it to Britain safely. Most pirates assume the shipping is exclusively through India, so they concentrate their efforts there. In the meantime, independents like me slip it right on into Great Britain.† â€Å"It sounds dangerous.† â€Å"It is†¦ I never really considered that danger until I married you. 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