History Outline American Correctional Facilities

Outline the History American Correctional Facilities Name Institutional Affiliation Date: Outline the History American Correctional Facilities 1. Outline the history of American corrections concentrating on a. The evolution of the penitentiary The American state prison was developed in the 19th century. The prison, named as the national penitentiary, holding over 800 prisoners separated in cells, allowed prisoners to socialize in the course of the day. Prisoners were assigned simple tasks such as weaving. The penitentiary is still used in the modern American world but has been expanded because it was initially created to house 500 prisoners. The operations of the penitentiary were based on the system of solitary confinement (Beckett Herbert, 2010). b. A comparison and contrast of the Pennsylvania vs Auburn systems An auburn system is simply known as the congregate systems. In this system, prisoners were only allowed to have close interactions during meals, prayer and work time, after which they are supposed to return to their solitary cells. Prisoners must be silent at all times. Prisoners are assigned tough tasks comprising of hard labor like road construction. In the Auburn systems, prisoners were housed based on the offence category such as murderers, repeaters, and first timers. Prisoners wore uniform of different colors in accordance to the classification. The Pennsylvania is commonly referred to as the separate system fostering confinement of prisonersShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Inventing The Savage: The Social Construct of Native American Criminality by Luana Ross1330 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Construct of Native American Criminality. Luana Ross. Austin: University of Texas Press. 1998. 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She does believe that we can have someRead MoreCorrectional Rehabilitation Programs Of California Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesCorrectional Rehabilitation Programs of California Rehabilitation programs that are available in prisons are a vital key to reforming at least eight out of ten inmates back to a productive, healthy citizen and leader. For this very reason the law AB 900 was passed in 2007 and just to give you a brief summary of the bill it discussed the establishment of pilot programs to be developed by the Department of Corrections for counseling and substance abuse that will assist inmates with their successfulRead MorePrisons And Its Effect On Society1847 Words   |  8 Pagesrecuperation were exceedingly unsuccessful. In the long run, it was understood that detainees were not being rehabilitated. Erving Goffman, a Canadian sociologist and writer, spent most of his life studying the lives of inmates and mental patients within an American institution. 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Especially since such masses, with the collapse of several U.S. instituted governments in Central and South American happened to be primarily non-white people who can generateRead MoreRestorative Justice Policy Proposal for Juvenile Justice System2875 Words   |  12 Pagesthe world in punishment and incarceration, and the cost of the correctional system now surpasses $60billion annually. The rise in the costs and size of correctional facilities occurs after nearly two decades of tough reforms on crime. These tough on crime reforms got the support of both Republican and Democratic administrators in response to the increasing crimes rates experienced since 1970s. Ironically, the unabated correctional costs and financial crises have put strains on health, educationRead MoreNarcotics Anonymous1453 Words   |  6 PagesOlivia Ferrell Informative Outline April 7th, 2014 Specific Purpose: I will inform my audience about Narcotics Anonymous. Central Idea: Narcotics Anonymous is a worldwide self-help organization that has been around for many years and continues to impact our society. Introduction Attention Getter: Imagine 60,000 people in one city, all dealing with the same problem, addiction. According to an article written by Carter M. Yang for ABC news on March 14th of this year, there are 60, 000 peopleRead MoreThe And Intention Of The Juvenile Court System Essay2438 Words   |  10 Pagesprocess of detaining a juvenile rather than arresting an adult. When a juvenile is detained, a petition must be started by the prosecuting attorney which outlines what grants them the right jurisdictionally to detain the juvenile as well as what crime is being brought against them. The family of the juvenile is also written a notice that outlines much of the same details and is included in the petition submitted by the prosecution. Once the case goes to trial it is ruled on and a sentencing is handedRead MoreDeath Penalty2057 Words   |  9 PagesTHE DEATH PENALTY†¦ETHICAL? OR NOT? Outline 1608 Captain George Kendall becomes the first recorded execution in the new colonies 1632 Jane Champion is the first woman executed 1767 Cesare Beccaria’s essay On Crime and Punishment, theorizes that there is no justification for the state to take a life Late 1700’s United States abolitionist movement begins Early 1800’s many states reduce their number of capital punishment crimes build state penitentiaries 1834 Pennsylvania becomes the first

Benefits of Exercise Free Essays

We’ve all heard it before, â€Å"Exercise is good for you because†¦. † Nowadays you can’t check out at the grocery store or do much of anything without being reminded that we mortal humans need to exercise. Still, we persist, procrastinate and eventually complain that we’re overweight, sick, dying, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits of Exercise or any similar topic only for you Order Now Listen. Some exercise is better than none, more exercise is generally better than less, and no exercise can be disastrous. No one is asking for you to start a rigorous daily regimen,  just do something. If you need motivation, here is a list of scientifically proven health benefits that regular exercise brings. Longevity. People who are physically active live longer. According to a 20 year follow-up  study,  regular exercise reduces the risk of dying prematurely. New brain cell development, improved cognition and memory. Exercise stimulates the formation of new brain cells. Researchers found  that the areas of the brain that are stimulated through exercise are responsible for memory and learning. For instance, older adults who engage in regular physical activity have better performances in tests implying decision-making process, memory and problem solving. Exercise is a powerful antidepressant. Study  after  study  has shown that exercise promotes mental health and reduces  symptoms of depression. The antidepressant effect of regular physical exercise is comparable to the potent antidepressants like Zoloft. It may take at least 30 minutes of exercise a day for at least three to five days a week to significantly improve  symptoms of depression. Cardiovascular health. Lack of physical activity is one of the major risk factors for  cardiovascular diseases. Regular exercising makes your heart, like any other muscle, stronger. A stronger heart can pump more blood with less effort. Cholesterol lowering effect. Exercise itself does not burn off cholesterol like it does with fat, however, exercise favorably  blood cholesterol levels by decreasing LDL (bad) cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol and increasing HDL (good) cholesterol. Prevention and control of diabetes. There is strong evidence from high quality studies (e. g. Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study) that moderate physical activity combined with weight loss and balanced diet can confer a 50-60% reduction in risk of developing diabetes. Blood pressure lowering. The way in which exercise can cause a reduction in blood pressure is unclear, but all forms of exercise seem to be effective in  reducing blood pressure. Aerobic exercise appears to have a slightly greater effect on blood pressure in hypertensive individuals than in individuals without hypertension. Reduced  risk of stroke. Research data  indicates that moderate and high levels of physical activity may reduce the risk of total, ischemic, and hemorrhagic strokes. Weight control. Regular exercise helps to reach and maintain a healthy weight. If you take in more calories than needed in a day, exercise offsets a caloric overload and controls body weight. It speeds the rate of energy use, resulting in increased metabolism. When metabolism increases through exercise, you will maintain the faster rate for longer periods of a day. Muscle strength. Health  studies  repeatedly show that strength training increases muscle strength and mass and decreases fat tissue. Bone strength. An active lifestyle benefits bone density. Regular weight-bearing exercise promotes bone formation, delays bone loss and may protect against  osteoporosis  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ form of bone loss associated with aging. Better night sleep. If you suffer from poor sleep, daily exercise can make the difference. The natural dip in body temperature five to six hours after exercise may help to fall asleep. How to cite Benefits of Exercise, Essay examples

American Poetry Essay Example For Students

American Poetry Essay Purposes: to be spoken, to be performed. Oral tradition: when a culture passes down Information trough sons and stories Instead of through sons and stones Instead of through a written language. Difficulties of oral tradition. ;difficult for future generations to learn much about early native American literary life without written records. -danger of losing ancient culture. -anthropologists: realized they needed to write down everything Native Americans could tell them before the stories disappeared. Characteristics of oral tradition. Stories are passed down from generation to generation. Stories teach children everything from history to hunting. -stories are easy to remember because they: 1. Contain repetition. 2. Are sung. 3. Contain dialect rhythms. American poetry, the poetry of the United States, arose first as efforts by colonists to add their voices to English poetry in the 17th century, well before the constitutional unification of the thirteen colonies (although before this u nification, a strong oral tradition often likened to poetry existed among Native American unsurprisingly, most of the early colonists work relied on contemporary British models of poetic form, diction, and theme. However, in the 1 9th century, a distinctive American idiom began to emerge. By the later part of that century, when Walt Whitman was winning an enthusiastic audience abroad, poets from the United States had begun to take their place at the forefront of the English-language avian-garden. The history of American poetry Is not easy to know. Much of the American poetry published between 1910 and 1945 remains lost in the pages of small circulation lattice periodicals, particularly the ones on the far left, destroyed by librarians during the sass McCarthy era. 2] The received narrative of Modernism proposes that Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot were perhaps the most influential modernist English- language poets in the period during World War 1. 13] But this narrative leaves out African American and women poets who were published and read widely in the first half of the twentieth century. By the sass, the young poets of the British Poetry Revival looked to their American contemporaries and prede cessors as models for the mind of poetry they wanted to write. Toward the end of the millennium, consideration of American poetry had diversified, as scholars placed an Increased emphasis on poetry by women, African Americans, Hispanics, Chicanes and other cultural groupings. American Poetry By handicap_Garcia oral tradition: when a culture passes down information trough sons and stories instead of through sons and stories instead of through a written language. Difficulties of oral tradition. -difficult for future generations to learn much about early native American literary life . Notation distinct rhythms. Tradition often likened to poetry existed among Native American societies). Unsurprisingly, most of the early colonists work relied on contemporary British models of poetic form, diction, and theme. However, in the 19th century, a distinctive The history of American poetry is not easy to know. Much of the American poetry language poets in the period during World War 1.

Violent Video Games And Violence Example For Students

Violent Video Games And Violence Recent mass shootings have made the public question the unclear motives of the people behind such destructive behaviour. Unfortunately, many individuals have jumped to rash conclusions regarding the causes of such events by linking violent video games with violence in the youth population. Even more discerning individuals have also criticized the role of violent video games in encouraging people to become mass murderers. With these opinions gaining popularity in the mass media, it has become the predominant belief of society to explain why there are more shootings recently. Such claims are usually driven by opinionated reasoning instead of scientific research, so it is much easier for the popular media to formulate such ostentatious theories. We will write a custom essay on Violent Video Games And Violence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This can be seen with professional bloggers, Lyndee Fletcher and Ralph Nader, who are adamant that there is an obvious link between violent video games and the recent mass shootings. As seen in their respective articles published in 2015 and 1999, the controversial opinion on the effects of violent video games have left lasting impressions on the public to believe that frequent exposure has created adolescent mass murderers. This only demonstrates that the predominant belief regarding violent video games and mass shootings over the past two decades is resilient despite the empirical research studies refuting their opinionated claims based. Researchers have tried to establish a scientific basis for understanding in society, but it still has not satisfied the search for the truth behind the mass shooters’ motives and actions. So in order to further understand the link between violent video games and mass shootings, I will further discuss the contrasting opinions of these profess ional bloggers and researchers below. Fletcher was a contributing writer to the movie review blog, Movie Guide, which adopts a Christian perspective to explain the effects of popular media on American youth. She accentuated the idea that video game companies should be held responsible for the actions of recent adolescent mass murderers because they have disregarded the violent consequences (2015). Fletcher reasons this belief by arguing that the adolescents responsible for these events shared three common traits. First, their life revolved around video games because they were addicted. Second, they enjoyed violent video games because it felt familiar and comforting. Third, they all had experience with first-person shooter and massive multiplayer online roleplaying games (MMORPGs), such as Call of Duty and World of Warcraft. So in other words, Fletcher is concluding that these individual’s actions are constructed from frequent violent video game exposure and an increased susceptibility to gaming addiction. In correspondence to Fletcher’s claims, a recent study of 1216 South Korean MMORPG players determined that aggressive and narcissistic personality traits are positively correlated with online gaming addiction, and self-control and interpersonal interaction are negatively correlated to online gaming addiction (Kim et. al, 2007). These variables were of interest because individuals with these characteristics are a part of high risk groups that are more susceptible to addiction of online gaming. In order to determine the relationships between online game addiction and these characteristics, data was collected through questionnaires regarding the participant’s demographic information and game use-related characteristics, in addition to 5-point Likert-type scale assessments regarding online game addiction, aggression, self-control, and narcissistic personality disorder. Through correlational design, Kim’s study suggests that certain characteristics, such as aggression, self-control, and narcissistic personality traits, serve as predictors of online game addiction. That is to say that individuals may be more likely to become addicted to online gaming because they already have these high risk characteristics to begin with, and not because frequent exposure to MMORPGs made these individuals more aggressive and narcissistic, and lack self-control. In addition to this, Kim’s study also suggests that individuals with fewer interpersonal relationships may have a relatively higher dependency on online games because it serves as an alternative to face-to-face interaction and communication for those that feel anxious or stressed socializing. For these reasons, Kim’s disproves Fletcher’s claims that an individual’s actions are constructed in more aggressive ways of thinking through violent video game exposure, because certain individuals have genetic predispositions that make them more susceptible to addiction to MMORPGs which result higher violent video game exposure. .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091 , .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091 .postImageUrl , .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091 , .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091:hover , .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091:visited , .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091:active { border:0!important; } .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091:active , .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091 .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ube5f11b9eeb8f60ff1fc214f78d07091:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay on Violent Video GamesIn a similar manner to Fletcher, Nader, who is a political activist, also suggests that frequent violent video game exposure increases the likelihood that children will become aggressive and destructive during adolescence because it decreases the children’s awareness to violence and the negative repercussions of violent video games to everyday functioning (1999). Nader references former president Bill Clinton’s meta-analysis of 30 years’ worth of studies, but does not formally introduce the study methods or findings, to demonstrate that this has been an ongoing issue in society. For this reason, he believes that gaming compa nies and parents are to blame because they enable children to become addicted to violent video games through their ignorance and a lack of control. Nader argues this by stating that gaming companies market video games directly to impressionable children by developing more interactive and enticing video games, which according to Nader are of the violent variety, that enable a sustainable addiction and fosters into aggressive and violent behaviour. Contrary to Nader’s beliefs, a recent study of 120 individuals determined that violent video game exposure has no effect on aggression at all (Engelhardt et. al, 2015). This experimental study randomly assigned participants with autism spectrum disorders and participants without autism spectrum disorders to play a video game of either the violent or non-violent variety in order to determine the effects of video games on behaviour. Participants then proceeded to perform post-game rating measures, word completion tasks and competitive reaction time tasks to assess their views regarding the violent content in the video game, aggressive-thought accessibility, aggressive behaviour, and aggressive affect to determine any probable correlation with autism spectrum disorder. The study concluded that violent video game exposure has no effect on individuals with autism spectrum disorder or individuals without autism spectrum disorder, and that video game genre has an effect on the percep tion of violence present in the video game. This suggests aggressive behaviour is not attributable to frequent video game exposure or on a person’s genotype. Therefore, this study disproves the Nader’s claim that violent video games develop aggressive and destructive attitudes during adolescence that influence behaviour because it isn’t attributable to individual differences in behaviour. As shown above, empirical research is an useful approach to understand human behaviour because it provides the opportunity to review information on from a scientific perspective. Paradigms are particularly useful when conducting research as it utilizes underlying theories and assumptions to understand everyday events from a myriad of perspectives. The biopsychosocial paradigm, which is one of many paradigms, suggests that the biological, psychological, and socio-environmental factors interact together to explain certain human behaviours (Davison, 2013). In relation to violence and video games, there are several external factors that may elicit aggressive behaviour in people. Some people may have a genetic predisposition to become more susceptible to video game addiction, personality traits that are prone to exhibit increased aggressiveness, and a lack of familial support. This may result in a coinciding relationship between aggressive adolescents who happen to have frequent exposure to violent video games. Engelhardt’s research study is also based on the preconceived notion that genotypic and phenotypic individual differences may elicit differences in aggressive behaviour, but his study has proven this otherwise by demonstrating that instances of violence are not attributable to these factors. Instead, it is very likely that aggression is related to other confounding variables that may be associated with frequent violent video game exposure. In addition to this, Kim’s research study also expands on the psychological and social factors of the biopsychosocial paradigm suggesting that video game addiction is related to unconscious conflicts within the structure of the mind and interpersonal relationship difficulties. Kim suggests this because those with anxiety and social difficulties are more likely to satisfy needs for social interaction and communication through the means of MMORPGs. So in conjunction with Engelhardt’s biological influence and Kim’s psychological and social influence, these factors may be working in tandem to elicit aggressive behaviour in certain adolescents. In other words, adolescents may be more susceptible to exhibiting violence in the presence of certain biopsychosocial factors that affect behaviour. .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d , .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d .postImageUrl , .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d , .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d:hover , .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d:visited , .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d:active { border:0!important; } .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d:active , .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub756973c82345b0a05a91b67bd3f7a6d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Violent Video GamesAs researchers have been able to test the validity and reliability of controversial claims, it is important to think critically when confronting opinionated statements about society. Since Fletcher and Nader have used their personal opinions to form rash conclusions, many researchers have acted upon their claims by formally testing it through empirical research. The research conducted by Kim and Engelhardt, for example, has suggested that aggressive behaviour and attitudes are not attributable to violent video game exposure, but rather only associated with it. A multitude of research studies have also reached this conclusion or some variation of it becau se it is very likely that there is no direct causal relationship between violent video games and aggressive behaviour as well. This only demonstrates that by equally valuing social opinion with scientific data, it inhibits our ability to think critically and creatively in the future. So it is important to question phenomena that we encounter on a daily basis to gain a better understanding of human behaviour.