Privacy Threats in a Big Data-.com

Question: Discuss about the Privacy Threats in a Big Data. Answer: Introduction The advent of big data has created numerous opportunities for business and organizations; in the process, numerous amounts of data has been generated that exceed the capacity for present commonly used software tools fro proper capture, management, and timely analysis and use. Every two years, the quantity of data to be analyzed is expected to double. Most of this data is in unstructured form and coming from various inputs including sensors, social media, surveillance, scientific applications, image and video archives, medical records, internet searches and indexes, system logs, and business transactions (Kerr Earle, 2016). The number of devices connected with the Internet of Things is continuing to increase to unprecedented levels generating large data amounts that require processing to make sense of and use productively. It has also become popular and cost effective to use on demand cloud based computing and processing power to analyze and get insights into this data. As big data e xpands, the traditional security and privacy protocols tailored to private computing systems such as demilitarized zones and use of firewalls are no longer effective (Kache, 2015). In big data, security protocols are expected to work over heterogeneous hardware, network domains, and operating system components. The collection and use of peoples data in big data applications has been met with stiff resistance from consumers with growing concerns expressed over methods that organizations use to collect and use private data and information (Martin, 2015; LeVPN,2017). The potential impact and effects of privacy and security beaches can be highlighted by the recent Facebook page in which there was a massive breach of privacy and security with regard to user data (The Economic Times, 2018). This paper discusses the issue of privacy in big data, first by reviewing related work, discussing the challenges and issues faced, the methodology of research and a proposed approach, before evaluatin g performance and drawing conclusions Related Work According to (Lu, Zhu, Liu, Liu, Shao, 2014), because big data can generate new useful knowledge for economic and technical benefits, it has received great attention inn recent times because of its high volume, high velocity, and variety challenges (3Vs). Apart from the 3V challenges, security and privacy has also emerged as an important issue in big data; If data is not authentic, the mined information is unconvincing, and if privacy is not properly addressed, there may be reluctance of resistance for data sharing. As such, an efficient privacy preserving mechanism, using an algorithm, is proposed by the authors to guarantee security in big data. In a systematic review of literature and discuss the concept of big data and the issues and challenges facing big data, moving forward. The authors discuss the issues facing big data including storage, volume, processing, storage, transportation, and ownership, providing a basis for which to understand big data (Kaisler, Armour, Espinosa, Money, 2013). Xu, Jiang,Wang, Yuan, Ren (2014) through a review of literature and methods of data mining, specifically the knowledge Discovery In Databases process (KDD), discuss the techniques used in KDD based on their appreciation and understanding of big data privacy and security risks. By analyzing the KDD process, the authors identify issues that eventually result in data breaches or loss of privacy, including data integration, data selection, and data transformation. Further, the authors identify the types of users involved in KDD applications, including data providers, data collectors, data miners and decision makers. Following this review, the authors propose methods to ensure privacy and data protection while undertaking data mining. The proposed approaches include using privacy preserving-association rule mining, privacy preserving classification of data, use of decision trees, using the Naive Bayesian classification, and data provenance. These methods apply to different players in data mining. Moura Serro (2015) allude to the increased use and sharing or personal data and information to public clouds and social networks when using a variety of devices, making data privacy and security, especially in the context of big data an important and hot issue. The authors also allude that traditional methods for enhancing data security, including the use of demilitarized zones and firewalls are not suitable for application in computing systems to su pport security in bid data. By reviewing existing literature, discussing some of the sources and causes of risks to data security in big data, and using case studies, the authors propose the use of Software Defined networking (SDN) as a novel approach to implement security in big data and address data privacy concerns. Narayanan, Huey, Felten, (2016) argue that once data is released to the public, it is not possible to take it back; with time, additional datasets become public with more analytics and information on the original data, including PII can be revealed making big data information increasingly vulnerable to being re-identified especially because current ad-hoc methods of De-identification being presently used are prone to being exploited by adversaries. It is not possible to know the probability of data being re-identified in future, and so the authors call fr a precautionary approach to securing privacy in big data. Risks to data privacy go beyond stereotypical re-identification and that it is impossible to know for certain the privacy risk for data protected using ad-hoc De-identification. According to Tene Polonetsky (2013), big data, data mining, and data analytics play a huge and critical role; data can be mined and analyzed in its raw form without the need to store and access dat a from structured databases. However, it comes with the challenge and problem of data privacy concerns that can result in regulation that would necessitate a backlash and stifle the befits of big data. The researchers propose that policy makers must balance the benefits of big data with privacy concerns, especially the need for privacy and what is defined as personally identifiable information (PII). Sagiroglu Sinanc (2013) discuss the concept of big data and its various aspects and concepts, including sources of data, their transmission, storage, and data mining, and then discuss in detail the privacy issues and concerns in big data. The authors, in an extensive review of literature, show that keeping data in a single place increases chances for breaches becomes it becomes a target for attacks. The authors propose controlled storage management, with encryption, restricted access to data, and securing the networks through which big data is managed. Terzi, Terzi, Sagriroglu (2015) provide a fresh perspective on big data security and privacy where extra security measures must be put in place to ensure security. The authors suggest, based on their research and literature review, th at extra security must be placed on big data networks through encryption, controlled access to devices, controlled access to network resources, data should be made anonymous before being analyzed, communications should proceed in secure channels, and networks monitored continuously for threatsMethodology This paper uses a critical systematic review of literature in which clearly formulated questions are used to undertake explicit and systematic approaches are used for identification, selection, and critical appraisal of relevant research and for collecting and analyzing data from those studies I order to generate novel solutions to the issue of privacy in big data. Challenges and Issues As more data is collected from connected devices and systems, the existing security protocols such as fire walls and DMZS are becoming increasingly irrelevant as means for ensuring big data security. The present issues in big data security and privacy are in four main areas; infrastructure, data privacy, data management, and integrity and reactive security (Kaisler, Armour, Espinosa, Money, 2013). With regard to infrastructure, the main issues include secure distributed data processing and best security and privacy actions for non relational databases. As relates data privacy, the main issues include data analysis through data mining methods that preserve data privacy, using cryptography for data security and privacy, and granular access control. The challenges in data management and integrity relate to granular audits, secure data storage as well as transaction logs, and data provenance. Reactive security and privacy issues allude to Validation and end to end filtering and real tim e supervision of privacy and security levels. The internet of things (IoT) is a major area of concern as relates privacy and security in big data. It has become difficult to to do anything in the present life without someones identity being associated with the task, from surfing the web to making social media comments and engaging in e-commerce. Security breaches also greatly compromise security through vulnerabilities in web interface insecurity, insufficient authentication and authorization, lack of encryption, insecure cloud and mobile device interfaces, inadequate security reconfigurability, insecure firmware and software, and poor physical security. In addition, companies unknowingly track and collect user data and pass them on to other people such as marketers for commercial gain, exposing private user data without their consent. Proposed Approach A novel approach is used based on the use of several methods, tools, and techniques to ensure data privacy and security is maintained in big data use. The limitations of traditional techniques for ensuring data privacy and security can be overcome using modern approaches that include Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), Secure Function Evaluation (SFE), and Functional Encryption (FE). FHE is an encryption approach that allows specific computation types such as RSA to be undertaken on cypher text and generate encryptions that when decrypted matches operation results performed on plain text. This enables databases queries to be encrypted and keeps user information private from the location this data is stored. FHE also allows private encrypted queries to search engines and also helps ensure private user information remains private. Searches can also be conducted on encrypted data, such as encrypted social media data that helps keep identities private. The use of open rights management s ystems, specifically, OpenSDRM: this is a system architecture that allows different content business models to be implemented. The architecture is shown below; This approach, together with FHE, will ensure social media information is mined with privacy and anonymity retained. The proposed novel approach assumes initial registration of system services on the platform meaning that each of the different services have to be registered individually on the platform. Unique credentials are assigned to each service on the platform. The rights management platform manages user generated content (UGC) that enables secure storage of content securely in locations that have been configured. When social media users upload UGC, it remains protected and the permissions, rights, and restrictions about this content is user defined, and so helps retain privacy. This enables content generators and those willing to use such content, such as data mining firms, are registered and authenticated in the socia l network platform as well as on the rights management platform. Because users willing to access UGC on the platform must be registered and authenticated and given that UGC is presented in special URI form, user privacy is achieved. This is because the special URI is intercepted by the platform for rights management allowing secure access process. Another approach is to is an intelligent intrusion detection and prevention system (IDS/IPS) based on a software defined network (SDN). A Kinetic module controls the IDS/IPS behavior using the Kinetic language, which is a framework for controlling SDN where network policies can be defined as Finite State machines (FSM). Several dynamic event types are able to trigger between FSM states transitions. The IDS/ IPS security module ensures non privileged hosts and infected hosts are dropped; infected but privileged hosts then traffic from that specific hosts is redirected to a garden wall host automatically where corrective measures are taken on the infected host, A non infected host has its traffic directed to the intended destination. Performance Evaluation Evaluating the two approaches using a simulation in Linux showed promising outcomes in ensuring user private data is secured. The use of FHE as well as IDS/IPS not only ensures that private user data is maintained bot in databases as well as in internet search queries, but that the information remains secure from intrusion and unauthorized access, such as attacks undertaken using hacking techniques. Conclusion The increased use of big data and several interconnected devices, as well as technological advancements have led to massive data volumes being generated. The generation and use of big data has several economic and technical innovation benefits, but also raises risks of data privacy breaches, along with the 3Vs challenges. In this paper, past approaches have been evaluated and using a systematic review of literature, a combined approach using FHE encryption technologies and IDS/IPS to ensure personal user data remains private and secure, even when insights are used for big data analytics. An evaluation of the approach shows the proposed methods are highly promising in ensuring big data privacy and security. References Kaisler, S., Armour, F., Espinosa, A., Money, W. (2013). Big Data: Issues and Challenges Moving Forward. In 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 995-1003). Hawaii: IEEE Computer Society.Kache, F. (Ed.). (2015). Dealing with digital information richness in supply chain management: A review and a Big Data analytics approach. Kassel: Univ.-Press.Kerr, I., Earle, J. (2016, August 10). Prediction, Preemption, Presumption | Stanford Law Review. Retrieved from https://www.stanfordlawreview.org/online/privacy-and-big-data-prediction- preemption-presumption/Lei Xu, Chunxiao Jiang, Jian Wang, Jian Yuan, Yong Ren. (2014). Information Security in Big Data: Privacy and Data Mining. IEEE Access, 2, 1149-1176. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2014.2362522 'Le VPN'. (2017, October 10). Why Do Companies Collect Big Data and Store Personal Data? | Le VPN. Retrieved from https://www.le-vpn.com/why-companies-collect-big-data/Lu, R., Zhu, H., Liu, X., Liu, J. K., Shao, J. (20 14). Toward efficient and privacy-preserving computing in big data era. IEEE Network, 28(4), 46-50. doi:10.1109/mnet.2014.6863131Martin, K. E. (2015). Ethical Issues in Big Data Industry. MIS Quarterly Executive, 4(2), 67-85. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273772472_Ethical_Issues_in_Big_Data_IndustryMoura, J., Serro, C. (2015). Security and Privacy Issues of Big Data. Handbook Of Research On Trends And Future Directions In Big Data And Web Intelligence, 3(1), 20-52. https://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8505-5.ch002Narayanan, A., Huey, J., Felten, E. (2016). A Precautionary Approach to Big Data Privacy. Data Protection On The Move, 24, 357-385. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7376-8_13Tene, O., Polonetsky, J. (2013). Big Data for All: Pr ivacy and User Control in the Age of Analytics. Northwestern Journal Of Technology And Intellectual Property, 11(5).Sagiroglu, S., Sinanc, D. (May 01, 2013). Big data: A review . In 2013 International Conference o n Collaboration Technologies and Systems (CTS 2013). 42-47. Ankara; Hawaii: IEEE Computer Society.Terzi, D., Terzi, R., Sagriroglu, S. (2015). A Survey on Security and Privacy Issues in Big Data. In The 10th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions (pp. 202-206). London: International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions.'The Economic Times'. (2018, April 11). Mark Zuckerberg apologises to Congress over massive Facebook breach. Retrieved from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/mark- zuckerberg-apologises-to-congress-over-massive-facebook- breach/articleshow/63704093.cms

Research on Radio Frequency Identification technology (RFID)

We Are The Future essays

We Are The Future essays In an age where the phrase Youve got mail is second nature and the infinite stretches of knowledge on the information highway are only a click away, we have to stop to think. What are we doing? Where are we going? If there are problems, how do we solve them? There are three main points Id like to present to you and would like to share my opinion with you. First and foremost, if the world expects us to deal with social, environmental, and political problems, how do we know what they are and what to do about them? Secondly, our generation needs to plan and organize to place itself in a better position to make decisions in our daily lives. We cant let computers do everything, and let human interaction go to waste. Third and lastly, in my personal opinion, I believe that service to community, will help us strengthen the bonds of confidence and fill the gaps of age between my generation and yours. Lets take the first main point. Riots, fascists, discrimination, robberies, poverty, school violence, alcohol, drug, and physical abuse, just to name a few. Many of these problems have been have only been attempted to be resolved. Some of them will remain until a meteor falls from the sky. Humanity, and our generation need to know these things. The reality is that were only beginning to notice what is happening to our society. Immersed in makeshift fashions, one-week death diets, and a constant reminder that this is only the beginning are what keep us from accomplishing things. Solution? Currently, none at the moment. Were too busy pretending to discover rocks, too tired to get up and change the channels manually, and undecided on whether we should colonize Mars and search for aliens or stay here and go out with friends to a movie on Saturday night. Secondly, where communication is all but minimized - it is called telecommunications. Where it ...

Labour Turnover and Customer Service in Restaurants Essay

Labour Turnover and Customer Service in Restaurants - Essay Example As the discussion stresses restaurant, hotel and leisure industry is very much dependent on their employees for keeping their customer satisfied. This is a service industry where the intangibility, inseparability and heterogeneity of the service make it very challenging for the service provider to maintain consistency and increase the level of satisfaction received by the consumers.This discussion outlines that the labour turnover in the service industry is high. The high rate of turnover is result of various factors like lack of opportunities and growth, low income level and other reasons. The employees are the face of the service providing company. High employee turnover rate also indicates towards the management problems and internal issues of the organisation. Organisation is questioned for not able to retain its employees.  In this situation, it becomes very challenging for the human resource management professionals or business owner to ensure the stability of employees. Ther e are various strategies that a company adopts to attract and retain employees and maintain their image in the job market. Restaurant companies offer different types of monetary and non monetary benefits to its employees. The monetary benefits are incentives, bonus, stock options and others cash components.  The non monetary benefits include insurance, heath benefits, maternity and paternity leaves, education sponsorship, education assistance etc.

Labour Turnover and Customer Service in Restaurants Essay

Labour Turnover and Customer Service in Restaurants - Essay Example As the discussion stresses restaurant, hotel and leisure industry is very much dependent on their employees for keeping their customer satisfied. This is a service industry where the intangibility, inseparability and heterogeneity of the service make it very challenging for the service provider to maintain consistency and increase the level of satisfaction received by the consumers.This discussion outlines that the labour turnover in the service industry is high. The high rate of turnover is result of various factors like lack of opportunities and growth, low income level and other reasons. The employees are the face of the service providing company. High employee turnover rate also indicates towards the management problems and internal issues of the organisation. Organisation is questioned for not able to retain its employees.  In this situation, it becomes very challenging for the human resource management professionals or business owner to ensure the stability of employees. Ther e are various strategies that a company adopts to attract and retain employees and maintain their image in the job market. Restaurant companies offer different types of monetary and non monetary benefits to its employees. The monetary benefits are incentives, bonus, stock options and others cash components.  The non monetary benefits include insurance, heath benefits, maternity and paternity leaves, education sponsorship, education assistance etc.

Final Human Resource Management Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Final Human Resource Management Paper - Essay Example In order to achieve those organizational goals there should be a very good leadership style in organizational environment. There are many different leadership styles in the modern business world and almost every one of them has a particular reason or reasons for its existence. According to Burns (1978) transformational leadership has a set of category constructs such as values, morals, farsightedness, long term goals, principles, acute awareness about the dividing line between causes and symptoms, mission statements, strategic perspectives and human resources. Transformational leadership is primarily and immediately concerned with winning the support of those subordinates to achieve predefined organizational goals. While many such objectives are not realized in the short run due to a variety of reasons such as inadequate planning and wrong forecasts about cash flow, sales revenue and profits, there can be some recovery in the long term. Transformational leader seeks with fervent hope to inculcate a sense of responsibility and pride in achievements among the subordinates. A critical theoretical perspective that has been developed on this particular aspect looks at the transformational leader’s attitude towards his\her subordinates as power-sharing partners whose contribution to the productive process is rewarded with acknowledgment. However according to the leadership style in People Express it was centered on a hybrid model of the time, i.e. a good admixture of people orientation and share ownership in the company would motivate the average employee to perform better. The former is directly related to the transactional leadership theory while the latter is linked to the then populist ideological concept of ‘share owning democracy’ (www.harvardbusiness.org). Neither of them worked. Instead Burr should have focused on the very management and organizational culture at People Express. For instance he

Effect of Ocean Conveyor Belt on Global Climate

Effect of Ocean Conveyor Belt on Global Climate Marie Claire Attard Bason Discuss the ocean conveyor belt system and its implications on global climate Without the ocean, life on earth will be impossible. When viewed from outer-space, our planet is covered with water; water which is always in constant motion. The ocean covers 71 % of the earth, where 6% of it is covered by sea ice (Siedler, Church, Gould Griffies, 2001). These mentioned factors make the ocean an important key factor in the transfer of heat energy around the planet. This movement of through ocean currents affect the local weather and temperature to some extremes, which effects also the stabilization of global climatic patterns, the delivery of nutrients and larva to marine ecosystems and many more (Cowan, National Geographic,  http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/media/ocean-currents-and-climate/?ar_a=1, n.d). Moreover, in total, 81 % of the earth’s surface is covered by liquid water including lakes and rivers as well, and covered by solid water which includes snow and land ice (Siedler, Church, Gould Griffies , 2001). One should first understa nd some of the major properties of the oceans and the types of circulations and currents that exist, than understand the effect of heat transfer called the Thermohaline Circulation or known as the Conveyor belt, its implications on the climate and anthropogenic influences. First and foremost, the ocean circulation is generally classified into two parts; a wind-driven circulation that influences the upper part of the ocean system, hundreds of meters up, and the other is a density-driven circulation that influences the bottom part. The major wind currents include the sub-tropical and sub-polar, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and the equatorial currents (Grinsted, 2005). Moreover, this system is called the ‘Thermohaline’ circulation, because of its role in heating, cooling and salinification. These roles effect the production of the regional density within the ocean (Toggweiler Key, 2001). To explain this process in a much better way, the conveyor belt is the ocean circulation system that is driven by changes of heat and freshwater across the sea surface, after the heat and salt are mixed together. This is a driving mechanism (Rahmstrof, 2006). Secondly, the Thermohaline circulation is seen in the sinking phase, and interestingly enough, there is the formation of new deep water in the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean. No one exactly knows the whereabouts of the upwelling zones (Rahmstrof, 2006) as the conveyor system has no end (as seen on Fig. 1), but then, in the polar seas near Greenland, there are cold winds from the northern of Canada that cools the surface waters and thus creates sea ice formation (ELF, www.andrill.org/education//3A/GlobalOceanConveyWCredits.pdf‎, n,d) . Fig. 1 Shows the Conveyor Belt pattern and transfer of currents The process of ice formation is linked to evaporation. With the rising temperature, the sea compresses out the salt from the forming ice. When this process occurs, the surrounding waters become saltier and even more denser. Then, this dense water sinks to the bottom and flows along to the North and South America direction. When this approaches Antarctica, it surrounds the continent and meets with the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). This process continues on when then flow flows towards the north into the ocean basins where gradually it mixes with warmer waters present at that site, therefore it rises to the surface in the Pacific Ocean. From there, it makes its way back to the Atlantic and becomes part of the wind driven surface currents eventually returning to the Greenland seas to begin the process again (ELF, www.andrill.org/education//3A/GlobalOceanConveyWCredits.pdf‎, n,d). In 1751, the first measurement of deep ocean temperatures was recorded by a ship captain of an English trading ship, when he discovered that the water underneath his ship, about a mile below his ship was very cold, despite the location he was at; a sub-tropic location. In 1797, again yet another Englishman named Benjamin Thompson, came up with an accurately explanation on this discovery about cold currents coming from the poles. The difference between Thermohaline and wind driven circulation was distinguished in the 19th-Century, during an argument regarding ocean currents. It was question as well weather or not these two processes happen when the wind pushes along the water or else if they are â€Å"convection currents† due to heating and cooling processes. It is important to note that both processes are combined in non-linear way, meaning that both cannot be separated by oceanographic measurements. That is why there are two obvious mechanisms of force, and neither are unique ly separable circulations. Moreover, if changed, the Thermohaline circulation will also change the wind driven currents (Rahmstrof, 2006). The Atlantic Ocean is the most powerful Thermohaline circulation in the oceans today. The conveyor belt roughly estimates at 15106 m3 of upper ocean water into deep water (Toggweiler Key, 2001) where currents typically extend down up to 1-2km depth, although wind only directly drives between 50m to 200m (Grinsted, 2005). Generally, the flow in the upper part of the conveyor mostly passes through the Florida Straits and up to the east coast of North America, which forms part of the Gulfstream (Toggweiler Key, 2001). However, one disadvantage may include climate change which is likely to weaken the Thermohaline circulation in the future, with some risk of triggering sudden changes, some of which can be unexpected, that may be irreversible (Rahmstrof, 2006). In Recent years, there have been numerous newspaper reports, articles on magazines and television documentaries that covered this topic involving concerning threatening scenarios of the Atlantic Thermohaline circulation being breakdown. If this is the case, than this affects and collapses the northern European agriculture and fisheries, and also glaciers will move very fast on Scandinavia and Scotland waters. Irreversible changes are set to be taken very seriously in the discussion on climate change effected by humans. (Rahmstorf, 2000). The Southern Oscillation is the most prominent year to year climate variability that exists in the world. It is associated with many risks such as; fluctuations on atmospheric pressures at sea level point in the tropic regions, a downpour of rainfall, and cold winter circulation over the North of America and other parts of the extra-tropic regions. When this Southern Oscillation was recognized in the late 1960’s, this was related to the oceani c phenomenon- El Nino (Rasmusson Wallace, 1983). Events concerning El Nino have instances which creates serious consequences for climate and ocean ecosystem. The 1982- 1983 El Nino was perhaps one of the strongest that happened. The El Nino Events, have been documented as far back as 1826 and they are usually followed by professionals that constantly keep and eye on any predictable patter when they occur about once every 4 years (Cane, 1983). The conveyor belt can be affected by global warming in two different ways; either by warming the surface or else by freshening up the surface. This effect will reduce the density of high-latitude water surfaces waters and therefore inhibits a deep formation in water (Rahmstorf, 2006). Our planet cannot lose all of its water from its surface reservoirs due to sub-duction processes. After an approximate of 1Billion years, only between 25- 30% of the newly generated ocean will be subducted into the mantle. It is also said by many scientists and geographers that in the far future, if the external forces are left separately, than the surface reservoirs will be kept in a steady state. Chances for the Earth’s ocean lie in the faith of external forcing. Unfortunately, all water could disappear as a result of increasing levels the temperature, globally, caused by the total of power generated from the Sun to space (Bounama, Franck von Bloh, 2001) How long will it take before the entire Earth dries up from its waters completely? There is still no certain answer to this. Results from studies done by Lovelock Whitfield (1982) show that liquid water will be always available in surface reservoirs as a result of internal processes, however, the extinction of the biosphere will be caused by other limiting factors caused by external forces.).(Bounama, Franck and von Bloh, 2001) References Bounama, C., Franck, S., Bloh, W. v. (1999). The fate of Earth’s ocean.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,5(4), 569-576. Cane, M. A. (1983). Oceanographic events during el nino.Science,222(4629), 1189-1195. Cowan, A. M.  Ocean currents and climate A roller coaster analogy to the ocean conveyor belt Retrieved December, 29th, 2013, fromhttp://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/media/ocean-currents-and-climate/?ar_a=1 Environmental Literacy Framework. (). Global ocean conveyor belt. Message posted towww.andrill.org/education//3A/GlobalOceanConveyWCredits.pdf Grinsted, A. (2005). The thermohaline circulation. Lovelock, J. E., Whitfield, M. (1982). Life span of the biosphere. Rahmstorf, S. (2000). The thermohaline ocean circulation: A system with dangerous thresholds?Climatic Change,46(3), 247-256. Rahmstorf, S. (2000). The thermohaline ocean circulation: A system with dangerous thresholds?Climatic Change,46(3), 247-256. Rasmusson, E. M., Wallace, J. M. (1983). Meteorological aspects of the el Nino/southern oscillation.Science,222(4629), 1195-1202. Siedler, G., Church, J., Gould, J., Griffies, S. (2001).Ocean circulation and climate: Observing and modelling the global oceanAccess Online via Elsevier. Toggweiler, J., Key, R. M. (2001). Ocean circulation: Thermohaline circulation.Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences,4, 1549-1555.